Dituri foi submetido a uma série de testes físicos e psicológicos antes de embarcar no desafio. — Foto: Divulgação Joseph Dituri, USF via BBC
nnnnO que pode acontecer com organismo de homem que vai viver 100 dias debaixo d’água. — Foto: Divulgação Joseph Dituri, USF via BBC
nnnnEx-mergulhador da Marinha, Dituri está morando desde 1º de março em um espaço de 55 m², nove metros abaixo da superfície do mar.
nnnnPor Bradley Elliott, BBC
nnnnQuando o assunto é pesadelo, ficar preso em uma pequena caixa debaixo d’água provavelmente está no topo da lista de muita gente. Mas há um professor americano fazendo isso de propósito.
nnnnJoe Dituri, ex-mergulhador da Marinha americana e especialista em engenharia biomédica, está morando desde 1º de março em um espaço de 55 m², a 10 metros de profundidade, no arquipélago de Flórida Keys, nos Estados Unidos.
nnnnO plano dele é permanecer ali por 100 dias. Se conseguir, vai quebrar o recorde de mais tempo morando embaixo d’água.
nnnnDituri está realizando pesquisas sobre os efeitos da pressão hiperbárica — quando a pressão do ar é maior do que seria ao nível do mar — no corpo humano. Ele espera usar o tempo submerso para analisar o impacto de viver neste ambiente de alta pressão sobre a sua saúde.
nnnnÉ interessante observar que a empreitada de Dituri é muito diferente de viver em um submarino. Os submarinos são vedados quando submergem e mantidos sob a pressão a nível do mar. Isso significa que não há uma diferença significativa de pressão, mesmo quando o submarino se encontra a centenas de metros de profundidade.
nnnnMas o habitat subaquático de Dituri não tem escotilhas sólidas, tampouco uma antecâmara, entre o oceano e o espaço seco onde ele vive, como os submarinos.
nnnnImagine um copo d’água virado de cabeça para baixo e colocado dentro de uma pia cheia de água. Ainda haverá um bolsão de ar no topo, que é o espaço em que Dituri vive, com uma poça de água no chão de um cômodo, proveniente do oceano lá fora.
nnnnIsso significa que o ar no interior do seu alojamento é comprimido pelo peso do oceano, aumentando a pressão do ar à sua volta. A uma profundidade de nove metros, a pressão do ar dentro desse habitat é cerca de duas vezes maior do que a que ele está acostumado a suportar em terra firme.
nnnnSob pressão
nnnnPoucas pesquisas investigaram os efeitos da exposição de longo prazo à pressão hiperbárica sobre o corpo humano.
nnnnComo todo mergulhador profissional sabe, a pressão hiperbárica pode representar uma ameaça bastante real. Nossos corpos foram adaptados por gerações de evolução para as condições ao nível do mar, onde os dois principais gases envolvidos na respiração (o oxigênio e o dióxido de carbono) são os únicos que circulam livremente entre os nossos pulmões e o sangue.
nnnnMas, à medida que a pressão aumenta, o nitrogênio do ar é forçado a atravessar as delicadas paredes dos nossos pulmões e entra no sangue. Isso pode causar uma série de efeitos prejudiciais.
nnnnEm profundidades de 10 a 30 metros, o aumento da pressão pode provocar uma leve euforia e humor positivo. A mais de 30 metros, pode gerar um comportamento similar à embriaguez — daí o nome “narcose”.
nnnnOs cientistas não compreendem totalmente por que isso acontece, mas a causa pode estar relacionada a alterações na forma de sinalização dos neurotransmissores entre os neurônios no cérebro.
nnnnFelizmente, este não será um risco para Dituri, uma vez que ele se encontra a uma profundidade de apenas 10 metros.
nnnnAlterações na saúde
Mas Dituri pode esperar outras mudanças físicas enquanto morar no alojamento subaquático.
Embora o habitat de Dituri tenha janelas grandes, ele será exposto apenas à metade da luz solar que atinge a Terra. Isso pode causar problemas no seu ritmo circadiano — o “relógio” interno que controla várias funções do corpo, incluindo nosso ciclo de sono e vigília —, que depende da luz do dia. E pode resultar em distúrbios no sono.
nnnnOutro desafio para Dituri será conseguir vitamina D em quantidade suficiente. Para fabricar esta vitamina, a pele precisa estar exposta aos raios ultravioleta, normalmente provenientes do Sol. É provável, portanto, que Dituri não produza vitamina D suficiente enquanto estiver vivendo em seu ambiente subaquático.
nnnnMas Dituri pode ter mudanças físicas enquanto viver em alojamento subaquático. — Foto: Divulgação Joseph Dituri, USF via BBC
Mas Dituri pode ter mudanças físicas enquanto viver em alojamento subaquático. — Foto: Divulgação Joseph Dituri, USF via BBC
A vitamina D desempenha papéis importantes na manutenção da densidade óssea, função muscular e imunidade.
nnnnUma pesquisa com pessoas que moraram em um habitat subaquático, administrado pela Nasa, como um voo espacial análogo, mostrou que elas apresentavam função imunológica reduzida após apenas 14 dias de permanência.
nnnnDituri vai precisar obter vitamina D a partir de outras fontes — como alimentos ricos no nutriente, suplementos ou lâmpadas ultravioleta — para minimizar a redução da sua função imunológica.
nnnnEmbora ele esteja vivendo sozinho, astronautas que viveram em ambientes similares relataram a ocorrência de infecções latentes. São vírus que muitos de nós carregamos e que nosso sistema imunológico normalmente mantém sob controle. Isso também pode fazer com que Dituri fique doente se a sua função imunológica oscilar.
nnnnAlém de uma quantidade mínima de caminhada em um habitat muito pequeno, o único exercício que Dituri poderá fazer é nadar. Como nadar não exige sustentação de peso, é provável que haja perda de massa óssea e muscular, que podem ser similares às sofridas pelos astronautas durante longas missões na Estação Espacial Internacional (mas não tão extremas).
nnnnAcrescentar alguns exercícios de resistência, como agachamentos e afundos, pode ajudar Dituri a compensar as perdas de massa óssea e muscular.
nnnnEfeitos de longo prazo
Embora o habitat subaquático de Dituri seja diferente dos submarinos, o período de tempo que ele vai passar ali dentro não é diferente do suportado por muitas tripulações submarinas.
Sabemos por meio de pesquisas com tripulantes de submarinos que mesmo poucos meses abaixo da superfície podem ter efeitos de longo prazo, apesar das medidas para evitar que isso aconteça.
nnnnMesmo depois de dois meses abaixo do nível do mar, por exemplo, tripulantes de submarinos ainda apresentavam distúrbios nos padrões de sono e problemas com os níveis de certos hormônios relacionados ao sono. Eles também sofreram perda de massa óssea e muscular.
nnnnTudo isso reforça a importância de que Dituri consiga praticar exercícios e obter vitamina D em quantidade suficiente.
nnnnÉ claro que resta saber qual será o efeito de longo prazo da pressão hiperbárica sobre Dituri. Os estudos que temos sobre os efeitos da pressão hiperbárica analisaram apenas a exposição a curto prazo, que pode ter apresentado efeitos positivos na cicatrização de feridas.
nnnnEste será um feito fisiologicamente e, possivelmente, psicologicamente desafiador. E, embora Dituri seja apenas uma pessoa, os dados do seu experimento ainda serão úteis para este campo de estudos.
nnnn*Bradley Elliott é professor de fisiologia da Universidade de Westminster, em Londres, no Reino Unido.
n
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