Mancha de Lixo do Pacífico vira  ecossistema inesperado com reprodução de espécies costeiras em alto mar

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Lista de objetos, a partir do canto superior esquerdo: boia, jarro, fragmento não identificado, cone, escova dental, garrafa, fragmento identificado, corda, caixa. — Foto: Reprodução/Nature

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Mancha de 1,6 milhão de quilômetros quadrados está entre a Califórnia e o Havaí e se tornou moradia para várias espécies diferentes de invertebrados.

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Uma pesquisa publicada na revista científica “Nature” nesta segunda-feira (17) demonstrou que a Grande Mancha de Lixo do Pacífico, um imenso conglomerado de plásticos descartados, está ajudando espécies costeiras a “colonizarem” águas abertas.

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De acordo com o estudo, a mancha de 1,6 milhão de quilômetros quadrados e 79 mil toneladas se tornou um lar para alguns pequenos seres vivos, permitindo a criação de novos ecossistemas de espécies que normalmente não são capazes de sobreviver em mar aberto.

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Ao contrário do que poderia se supor inicialmente, a Grande Mancha não é uma “ilha” de plásticos, mas sobretudo uma larga porção do oceano com alta concentração de plásticos, em um ambiente que mais se assemelha a uma “sopa” ou “ensopados de plásticos”.

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A pesquisa descobriu que os resíduos plásticos flutuantes servem como um meio para as espécies se dispersarem pelo oceano. Até então, se pensava que restrições fisiológicas ou ecológicas eram os fatores responsáveis pela limitação da colonização do oceano.

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  • Os pesquisadores examinaram 105 itens de plástico pescados na Grande Mancha de Lixo do Pacífico entre novembro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019.
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  • Eles identificaram 484 organismos invertebrados marinhos nos detritos, representando 46 espécies diferentes, das quais 80% são normalmente encontradas em zonas costeiras.
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  • Apesar de numerosos, os habitantes do plástico são desconhecidos dos humanos. Elm sua maioria, são micro-organismos, plantas e algas que se aderem aos animais invertebrados aquáticos, como moluscos e esponjas.
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Isso acontece porque o material plástico não se decompõe, flutuando durante muitos anos. Outro achado que chamou a atenção dos pesquisadores foi a constatação de que além de habitar o local inapropriado, os seres vivos são capazes de se reproduzir.

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No entanto, ainda não se sabe as consequências desse novo tipo de ordenamento, e nem como as espécies são capazes de se distanciar tanto dos seus locais de origem e sobreviverem.

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“Os nossos resultados demonstram que o ambiente oceânico e o habitat plástico flutuante são claramente hospitaleiros para as espécies costeiras. […] podem sobreviver, reproduzir e ter populações complexas e estruturas comunitárias em mar aberto”, diz o estudo.

nPor Júlia Putini, g1
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