A infectologista Vera Rufeisen e o neurologista Felipe da Graça, ambos do Vera Cruz Hospital, em Campinas (SP), falam sobre sintomas, tratamentos e diferenças entre os tipos da patologia
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nnEntre janeiro e junho deste ano, a Secretaria de Saúde de São Paulo, registrou 2.303 casos de meningite. Na comparação com o mesmo período de 2022, quando foram confirmadas 1.869 pessoas acometidas pela doença, o aumento foi de 23%. Dentre as cidades, além da capital, com maiores índices, está Campinas, ao lado de São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André (ambas no ABC) e Guarulhos (grande São Paulo).nnNestes primeiros seis meses de 2023 foram registradas 155 mortes em decorrência da doença, cujas maiores incidências estão nos municípios de São Paulo, Guarujá, Guarulhos, Osasco, Ribeirão Preto e Santo André. O índice de óbitos é 32,60% inferior ao do mesmo período de 2022, quanto foram registras 230 mortes.nnO cenário merece atenção e, por isso, dois especialistas do Vera Cruz Hospital, em Campinas (SP), esclarecem as principais dúvidas sobre a doença: o neurologista Felipe da Graça e a infectologista Vera Rufeisen.nn1 – O que é meningite?nn“A meningite é uma inflamação das meninges, que são estruturas que protegem e recobrem o cérebro, a medula espinhal e outras partes do sistema nervoso central”, descreve o neurologista.nn2 – Quantos tipos de meningite diferentes existem?nnA infectologista explica que “os dois tipos principais são os virais e os bacterianos, mas também existem aqueles transmitidos por protozoários, fungos, microbactérias, medicamentos, doenças autoimunes, dentre outros”. A letalidade, porém, está ligada às bacterianas.nn3 – Quais são as principais diferenças entre elas?nnDe acordo com a Vera Rufeisen, as meningites virais habitualmente apresentam quadros mais leves, autolimitados, e que não necessitam terapêutica específica, exceto as causadas pelo vírus da herpes, que demandam tratamento diferenciado.nnJá as bacterianas meningocócicas (tipo B e C) e pneumocócicas, causadas pelo Haemophylus influenzae, geram quadros mais graves, que requerem imediato diagnóstico e terapia antimicrobiana apropriada. Por vezes, pode ser fatal ou deixar sequelas, tais como perda da audição e visão, problemas com memória, concentração, coordenação motora, equilíbrio, aprendizado e fala, epilepsia e paralisia cerebral.nn4 – Qual é considerada mais frequente?nn“O tipo de maior incidência, neste momento epidemiológico, é o Meningococo tipo C, transmitido por contato próximo direto entre as pessoas, a menos de um metro de distância”, alerta Vera.nn5 – Quais são os principais sintomas deste tipo de meningite?nn“Dor de cabeça intensa, febre, vômito e rigidez de nuca. Podemos ter, ainda, em casos mais graves, sonolência, confusão mental ou convulsões. Manchas vermelhas na pele também são frequentes”, lista Felipe da Graça.nn“A febre alta e a dor de cabeça já são motivos suficientes para que a pessoa procure atendimento médico, pois o diagnóstico precoce pode evitar complicações e morte pela doença. Pais, mães e responsáveis por bebês precisam ficar atentos a irritação, falta de apetite e de resposta a estímulos, a moleira protuberante e reflexos anormais”, adiciona.nn6 – Como ocorre a transmissão de meningite?nn“As virais e bacterianas ocorrem por via aérea, de pessoa para pessoa, por meio de gotículas, secreções do nariz e da garganta. Ou seja, pelo ar. Também pode ocorrer por meio de objetos/alimentos contaminados com patógenos (vírus, bactérias ou parasitas)”, explica o neurologista.nn7 – Como é feito o diagnóstico?nn“Inclui avaliação médica, coleta do líquor (líquido que envolve o cérebro e a medula) e pode ser necessário exames de imagem como tomografia”, detalha Felipe.nn8 – Como a meningite é tratada?nnDe acordo com o neurologista, o tratamento varia de acordo com o tipo de meningite, desde medicações sintomáticas (usadas apenas para sintomas) e hidratação até necessidade de antivirais e antibióticos.nn9 – Por quanto tempo o tratamento deve ser feito?nn“O tempo varia. Comumente entre 7 e 14 dias”nn10 – Como é possível prevenir?n
“A prevenção inclui isolamento de casos suspeitos, etiqueta respiratória e vacinas”, orienta Vera.
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© iStock / POR RAFAEL DAMAS / POR SRS
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