Cientistas de Nova Zelândia publicaram o mapa definitivo da Zelândia, o continente ‘perdido’ que se encontra 95% submerso
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Aristóteles, Eratóstenes e, mais tarde, o cartógrafo Ptolomeu a chamaram de Terra Australis Ignota.
Em busca desse continente imaginário, que na Grécia clássica acreditavam ter existido do outro lado do mundo devido à simetria geométrica, o explorador holandês Abel Tasman se deparou com uma nova terra em 1642, as ilhas que hoje conhecemos como Nova Zelândia. Mas isso parecia pequeno demais para ser o que procuravam.
Demorou 375 anos para confirmar que o continente, chamado Zelândia, realmente existia, embora fosse em grande parte invisível a olho nu: 94% dele está submerso.
Agora, um novo estudo conseguiu completar o mapa definitivo da Zelândia ou, como é conhecido em Maori, o povo nativo da Nova Zelândia, Te Riu-a-Māui.
Em um estudo publicado na revista Tectonics, cientistas da GNS Science da Nova Zelândia criaram um novo mapa detalhado dos limites da Zelândia, que conseguiram traçar graças a amostras de rochas dragadas do fundo do oceano.
O continente se estende por 5 milhões de quilômetros quadrados e só agora a sua superfície completa foi estabelecida.
A sua história está ligada à de Gondwana, o antigo supercontinente meridional que, ao ser dividido há centenas de milhões de anos, criou os continentes que conhecemos hoje.
A Zelândia se separou há cerca de 80 milhões de anos mas, ao contrário dos continentes vizinhos da Antártida ou da Oceânia, a maior parte do seu território ficou submerso.
Basaltos, arenitos e seixos
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Mapa mostra a Zelândia em comparação com outros países e regiões — Foto: Arte BBC / Fonte GNS Science.
A única porção de terra que resta na superfície são as ilhas da Nova Zelândia, o território francês da Nova Caledônia e os minúsculos territórios australianos da Ilha Lord Howe e da Pirâmide de Ball.
Por estar submersa, a Zelândia foi pouco e mal estudada, criando inconsistências sobre sua forma e limites. Até agora, apenas a parte sul do continente tinha sido mapeada.
Com a nova investigação liderada pelo geólogo Nick Mortimer, foram definidos os dois terços que faltavam e os mapas existentes foram refinados, para que “o mapeamento geológico de reconhecimento terrestre e marinho de todo o continente da Zelândia, de 5 milhões de km2, fosse agora concluído”, diz o estudo.
Para isso, a equipe de geólogos e sismólogos estudou as amostras de rochas e sedimentos coletados no fundo do oceano, principalmente em perfurações, e também os exemplares que surgiram nas costas das ilhas da região.
Basaltos, arenitos e seixos areníticos foram analisados e datados. Os pesquisadores descobriram que os arenitos eram do Cretáceo Superior (cerca de 95 milhões de anos) e continham granito e seixos vulcânicos do Cretáceo Inferior (130 a 110 milhões de anos). Os basaltos foram datados do Eoceno (cerca de 40 milhões de anos).
Esses resultados, juntamente com dados de anomalias magnéticas regionais e informações de outros estudos, ajudaram os cientistas a mapear a geologia subaquática do norte da Zelândia.
Após o primeiro avistamento europeu em 1642 por Abel Tasman (que mais tarde daria o seu nome à ilha da Tasmânia), outros exploradores e cientistas percorreram as águas da Zelândia em busca do continente perdido sem perceber que flutuavam acima dele.
As primeiras pistas reais sobre a sua existência foram recolhidas pelo naturalista escocês James Hector, que em 1895 estudou as ilhas ao largo da costa sul da Nova Zelândia e concluiu que o país é “o remanescente de uma cordilheira que formou a crista de uma grande área continental que se estendia para o sul e o leste, e que agora está submersa.”
Então, em 1995, o geofísico americano Bruce Luyendyk descreveu novamente a região como um continente e sugeriu chamá-la de Zelândia.
O que muda?
A crosta continental tem geralmente cerca de 40 km de profundidade e é significativamente mais espessa do que a crosta oceânica, que normalmente tem apenas cerca de 10 km.
A Zelândia tem cerca de 20 km de profundidade porque a sua plataforma se espalhou muito quando se separou de Gondwana. Por ser tão fina, acabou afundando, embora não ao nível da crosta oceânica normal.
Os cientistas defendem que, tanto pela altura da sua crosta como pelo tipo de rochas que a compõem, a Zelândia é definitivamente um continente.
Além do interesse científico, mudará alguma coisa se os pesquisadores definirem a Zelândia como um novo continente?
Mudará, sim.
De acordo com a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar, os países podem estender os seus territórios legais para além da sua Zona Econômica Exclusiva, que chega a 370 km das suas costas, para reivindicar a sua “plataforma continental alargada”, com todas as riquezas minerais e petrolíferas que isso engloba.
Ao provar que faz parte de um continente maior, a Nova Zelândia poderia aumentar seis vezes o seu território.
Isso significaria que as verbas para a exploração marinha se multiplicariam.
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