Com a decisão, quem comprovar 15, 20 ou 25 anos de atividade especial poderá solicitar o benefício ao completar o período exigido, sem precisar atingir 55, 58 ou 60 anos.
© Getty / Por Guilherme Bernardo / Por srs
Economia / aposentadoria especial
O Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) derrubou a exigência de idade mínima para a concessão da aposentadoria especial do INSS a trabalhadores expostos a agentes nocivos. Com a decisão, quem comprovar 15, 20 ou 25 anos de atividade especial poderá solicitar o benefício ao completar o período exigido, sem precisar atingir 55, 58 ou 60 anos. O entendimento foi firmado no julgamento da ADI 6.309, em 3 de junho de 2026, e o acórdão foi publicado em 2 de outubro.
Ainda estão pendentes embargos de declaração apresentados pela Advocacia-Geral da União (AGU), que podem esclarecer aspectos da aplicação da decisão. O ponto central, porém, foi mantido: a idade mínima é inconstitucional, mas continuam válidas a proibição de converter tempo especial em comum e a forma de cálculo do benefício. Na tese, o STF registrou: “É inconstitucional o estabelecimento de idade mínima, mas constitucional a vedação da conversão de tempo especial em comum e a forma de cálculo”.
O que muda na aposentadoria especial
Antes do julgamento, a regra transitória da Reforma da Previdência exigia, além do tempo de exposição, idade mínima de 55 anos para quem tivesse 15 anos de atividade especial, 58 anos para 20 anos e 60 anos para 25 anos. Com a derrubada dessa exigência, o benefício volta a considerar o período de trabalho em condições insalubres, perigosas ou penosas, sem vincular o pedido à idade.
Para os ministros, obrigar alguém a continuar exposto a riscos depois de completar o tempo especial contraria a finalidade protetiva da aposentadoria. O ministro André Mendonça afirmou que “o benefício tem caráter protetivo e busca evitar que o trabalhador permaneça excessivamente exposto a riscos ocupacionais”. Dias Toffoli também destacou que a medida procura preservar “a saúde, o bem-estar e a integridade do trabalhador”.
O segurado ainda precisa cumprir carência mínima de 180 contribuições mensais. Os períodos exigidos permanecem em 15 anos para exposição mais grave, 20 anos para risco intermediário e 25 anos para situações menos graves, mas nocivas.
Quem pode pedir
O direito depende da comprovação individualizada de exposição efetiva e habitual a agentes químicos, físicos ou biológicos prejudiciais à saúde. A atividade especial não é reconhecida apenas pelo nome da profissão. A documentação inclui principalmente o Perfil Profissiográfico Previdenciário (PPP) e laudos técnicos fornecidos pelo empregador ou por profissional habilitado.
Mineração, indústria química, metalurgia, construção civil, saúde, limpeza hospitalar e algumas áreas de transporte podem reunir funções enquadráveis, mas cada situação deve ser examinada separadamente.
Para quem já contribuía antes da Reforma, permanece a regra de transição por pontuação, que soma idade, tempo de contribuição e exposição especial: 66 pontos para 15 anos de atividade, 76 pontos para 20 anos e 86 pontos para 25 anos.
Há controvérsia sobre a aplicação do julgamento a essa regra. Parte dos especialistas avalia que a lógica adotada pelo STF também pode afastar a pontuação que combina idade e tempo especial. Nesse entendimento, exigir 86 pontos de alguém com 25 anos de exposição, o que pode levar a uma idade próxima de 61 anos, seria incompatível com o caráter protetivo do benefício. Os embargos da AGU podem esclarecer esse alcance. Até lá, podem ocorrer divergências nas análises do INSS e novas ações judiciais.
Regras mantidas e efeitos
A Emenda Constitucional 103 criou regras permanente, transitória e de transição. O STF declarou inconstitucional o artigo 19, § 1º, que vinculava o tempo especial à idade mínima, mas preservou a vedação à conversão de períodos especiais em comuns trabalhados depois da Reforma.
Também continua em vigor o cálculo mais restritivo: considera a média de todos os salários de contribuição e aplica coeficiente de 60%, com acréscimo por ano que exceder 20 anos de contribuição para homens e 15 para mulheres. Assim, a possibilidade de se aposentar mais cedo não significa recuperar o valor calculado pelas regras anteriores.
A mudança pode aumentar os pedidos de aposentadoria especial e pressionar a análise de documentos, laudos e perícias no INSS, sobretudo em regiões industriais e hospitalares. Empresas de mineração, indústria química, metalurgia e saúde podem enfrentar maior rotatividade e custos de treinamento e reposição de pessoal, além de estímulo a investimentos em segurança do trabalho.
Para os trabalhadores, a decisão permite deixar a exposição nociva após cumprir o período exigido, mas a comprovação e o cálculo continuam complexos. Os próximos passos dependem dos esclarecimentos do STF aos embargos da AGU e de ajustes nas orientações internas do INSS. Até que esses pontos sejam definidos, a tendência é de disputas administrativas e judiciais sobre a aposentadoria especial.
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